Monday, April 1, 2013

Nostradamus On World War III

Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566) usually Latinised as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary and reputed seer who published collections of prophecies that have since become famous worldwide. He is best known for his book Les Propheties (The Prophecies), the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since the publication of this book, which has rarely been out of print since his death, Nostradamus has attracted a following that, along with much of the popular press, credits him with predicting many major world events.
Nostradamus is also known for his prophecies which describe in detail some of the major battles that are going to take place during World War III.

Here Are Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecies:

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“The Anti-Christ three very soon Annihilates,
Twenty-seven bloody years his war will last.
Heretics dead, captive, exiled.
Water red hail cover the Earth.”

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“One who the infernal Gods of Hannibal
Will cause to be born, terror to all mankind,
Never more horror nor the newspapers
tell of worse in the past,
Then will come to the Italians through Babylon.”

NOTE:
This one seems to be about the Anti-Christ as well, and of the travel routes of forces that will attack the Italian army. It also states that the route that these forces will take to attack the Italians will be through Babylon (Modern Day Iraq).
Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia (which was sometimes considered an Empire), the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad.

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“The year, seventh month,
From the sky will come a great King of Terror:
To bring back to life the great King of the Mongols,
Before and after Mars to reign by good luck.”

NOTE:
In this prediction it appears that Nostradamus is describing some kind of supernatural type of event that will allow someone with great influence over the “mongols” (Mongolians?) to gain great power from it’s influence.
China does have alot of leverage over Mongolia, and the current Chinese President does as well.
We have long since wondered if the current Chinese President could one day turn out to be the Anti-Christ. Only time will tell.  If not the current Chinese President, it could very well be the one right after him.
This “King of the Mongols” line could easily be a reference to China. No other countries on the planet have as much influence over Mongolia than do China/Russia. We seriously doubt that the Mongolians would take the side of Russia over the side of the Chinese. So that leaves only China and/or a Leader from China as the “King Of the Mongols”.

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“A horrible war which is being prepared in the west,
The following year the pestilence will come,
So very horrible that young nor old,
nor animal (may survive).
Blood fire Mercury Mars Jupiter in France.”

NOTE:
This prediction seems to be about World War 3 and a war being prepared in the west. This could be a reference to the Illuminati controlled Nations in Europe and even the U.S.
He also seems to claim that during this time there will be “blood” and “fire” in France.

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“The Oriental will come out of his Seat,
Crossing the Apennie Mountains seeing France:
Transported through the sky the waters and snows,
And shall strike everyone with his rod.”

NOTE:
In this one he describes someone from the orient coming out of his seat and rising up against the World. This could very well be a reference to a Chinese or Mongolian leader. If we look at it to mean China, then we can understand that what Nostradamus is saying is that Chinese and Mongolian forces will cross some mountains and that whoever is in charge of this army will meet with France, possibly to declare/wage war. The hint we are given that this won’t be a very friendly meeting is because he specifically states that this leader and his forces (who will travel by air, land, and sea) will “Strike everyone with his rod”. Clearly that is a statement that refers to some kind of attack or another.
He plainly states that the route this Oriental leader will take will be across the Apennie Mountains. The Apennines or Apennine Mountains is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming the backbone of the country.
Click On This Blue Link For A Picture Of The Apennine Mountains: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/22/40410668_f80398e630.jpg

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“From the Black Sea and Central Asia,
A King will come to see France,
He will pass through Alania and Albania,
And in Istanbul will leave his bloody Rod.”

NOTE:
Here he appears to be talking about China’s leader again. He mentions that the Leader will come to France, and also that he will pass through the territories of Alania and Albania, and then that he will “leave his bloody rod” in Istanbul. Istanbul probably means Turkey, so this looks like a prediction of an attack on Turkey as well.
He also mentions that the king/leader will come from the Black Sea/Central Asia before he goes to France. So he gives us a clue as to where this leader (and his army I would assume) will be coming from before the attack on Turkey.
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of The Surrounding Nations Of The Black Sea In Central Asia: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/trinanes/graphics/black_sea.jpg
Even before the attack on Turkey, Nostradamus mentions that this “king” and his army will pass through Alania and Albania.
Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Alans (proto-Ossetians) that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia-Alania, from the 8th or 9th century until its destruction by the Mongol invasion in 1238-39. Its capital was Maghas, and it controlled a vital trade route through the Darial Pass.
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Showing The Location Of Alania, C. 650 CE: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png
Albania is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Greece to the south-east, Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, and the Republic of Macedonia to the east. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 miles) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of Albania: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/albania/map_of_albania.jpg
Last, Nostradamus states that in Istanbul (Turkey) this “King”/leader will “leave his bloody rod”. Possibly he means that there will be an extreme attack on the city of Istanbul, Turkey, and that the leader will stop there for at least awhile if not for good. Perhaps this is where he will station his troops for awhile?
Istanbul, historically Byzantium and later Constantinople, is the largest city of Turkey and the third largest city in Europe, after London and Moscow. The city covers 27 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbor known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) side of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world which is situated on two continents. In its long history, Istanbul served as the capital city of the Roman Empire (330–395), the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922).
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of Istanbul, Turkey: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/turkey/istanbul/map_of_istanbul.jpg
Click On This Blue Link For Another Map Of The Location And Region Of Istanbul, Turkey: http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/AssetsTurkey/Maps/istanbul_region.jpg

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“From Fez the Kingdom stretches out across Europe,
The city burns, and sword slices:
The great one of Asia Land and Sea a great army.
That blue, Persia, cross, driven to death.”

NOTE:
In this prediction he appears to be describing the size of the Chinese army. He also mentions the “great one of Asia”, which most likely represents the leader of China who he seems to claim will rise up against the World. Also it looks like he mentions that they (the Red Chinese Army) will use both the Sea and Land for their warfare.
He also mentions the Kingdom of Fez. The Kingdom of Fez was a state of North Africa. It bordered the Mediterranean Sea to its north, Spain (Melilla) to the northeast, Abdalwadid to the east, Saadi dynasty by Oum Er-Rbia River to the south, Atlantic ocean to the west, and Portugal (Ceuta) to the northwest.
Jeane Dixon also claims that the various African nations will join forces with the Arabs and Chinese in World War 3 against Europe. Perhaps this is a reference to those forces.
The Kingdom of Fez was formed when Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya conquered the city of Fes, Morocco from King Shorfa in 1472. So the other possibility could be that he is directly referring to the city of Fes, Morocco. He does go on to claim that the “city burns, and sword slices.” Therefore he could literally be describing an attack on the city of Fes, Morocco itself.
Fes or Fez is the fourth largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat and Marrakech with a population of 946,815 (2004 census). It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane Region.
Fes is one of the four so-called “imperial cities” (the others are Marrakech, Meknes and Rabat). It is separated into three parts, Fes el Bali (the old, walled city), Fes-Jdid (new Fes, home of the Mellah), and the Ville Nouvelle (the French-created, newest section of Fes).
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of The Location And Region Of Fez, Morocco: http://www.goway.com/africa/afr_img/maps/morocco_intro_map.jpg
Click On This Blue Link For A Picture Of The City Of Fez, Morocco: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/City_of_Fez.jpg/800px-City_of_Fez.jpg
Nostradamus gives us a clue that seems to point to the Arab forces directly when he states, “That blue, Persia,”, thereby almost completely confirming the exact three aggressors that Jeane Dixon mentioned so many hundreds of years later.
He also gives us a clue as to what areas will be attacked by the Arabs/Iranians when he writes “cross, driven to death”. Clearly this is a reference to an attack on Christianity (Those who worship the cross). So perhaps Nostradamus is hinting here that it will be Christian nations who will be targeted by the Persians (Arabs/Iranians) when he wrote that portion of the quatrain.
The Persian Empire was a series of successive Iranian or Iraniate empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. Most of the successive states in Greater Iran prior to March 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians.
Therefore it is also entirely possible that Nostradamus here is referring directly to the Country of Iran/and or the Iranian forces that are said to join with the Chinese and African nations in the war against Europe (World War 3).
The Chinese, Mongolians, the various African nations, and the various Arab nations. All 3 Jeane Dixon also said will be involved in World War 3. In this quatrain Nostradamus’s work seems to back up that statement by making reference to all 3 of them.

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“That which is enclosed in iron and letter in a fish,
Out will go one who will then make war,
He will have his fleet well rowed by sea,
Appearing near Latin land.”

NOTE:
This could be again describing the “Oriental” leader’s navy. Or possibly the Arab fleet that is supposed to join him. It could also be African soldiers who I am guessing will be riding along on some of the boats provided by countries like China/Iran, etc.
The description of the iron and letter in a “fish” sounds like something brought on board a ship. The “fish” could well be a reference to a modern day submarine.
This particular person who “goes out to make war” Nostradamus claims will have his “fleet well rowed by sea”. So obviously this person will be in command of a type of navy.
Last, Nostradamus gives us a specific geographical location that we can expect this fleet to come ashore on/make war upon. He states that it will be “near Latin land”. So that gives us a pretty good idea of what we can come to expect from this seemingly purely naval attack during World War 3.

Nostradamus’s World War III Prophecy:
“The troubles of Israel will come to Po;
Tagus, Tiber, Lake of Geneva and
Tuscany.”

NOTE:
This appears to be a prediction describing the troubles that Israel is both facing now and will be facing during World War 3. He clearly states that the “troubles of Israel” will spill over into other parts of the World. Therefore being a key factor of World War 3.
The name “Israel” first appears in the Bible as the name given by God to the patriarch Jacob ( Genesis 32:28 ), which can be translated as “God contended”. The name already occurs in Eblaite and Ugaritic texts as a common name. Commentators differ on the original literal meaning. The first definition of the promised land (Genesis 15:13-21) calls it “this land”. In Genesis 15, this land is promised to Abraham’s “descendants”, through his son Isaac, while in Deuteronomy 1:8, it is promised explicitly to the Israelites, Abrahams descendants through Jacob. A more detailed definition is given in Numbers 34:1-15 for the land explicitly allocated to nine and half of the Israelite tribes after the exodus. In this passage, the land is called “Land of Canaan”. The expression “Land of Israel” is first used in a later book, Samuel 13:19. It is used often in the book of Ezekiel and also by Matthew. More precise geographical borders are given in Exodus 23:31 which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the “Sea of the Philistines” i.e the Mediterranean, and the “River,” i.e. the Euphrates the traditional furthest extent of the Kingdom of David.
The modern state of Israel has its roots in the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael), a concept central to Judaism since ancient times, and the heartland of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to which modern Jews are usually attributed. After World War I, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine with the intent of creating a “national home for the Jewish people.
The Land of Israel is the region which, according to the Hebrew Bible, was promised by God to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham’s grandson. It constitutes the Promised Land and forms part of the Abrahamic, Jacob and Israel covenants. Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise as applying to all Jews, including descendants of converts.
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of The Promised Land As Was Promised To Moses By God: http://s3.hubimg.com/u/3604414_f260.jpg
Click On This Blue Link For Another Map Showing One Interpretation Of The Borders Of The Promised Land, Based On God’s Promise To Moses (Numbers 34) And Mentioned By Ezekiel (Ezekiel 47): http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg/428px-Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg
The Kingdom of Judah was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin, and was named after Judah, son of Jacob (Israel). Its capital was Jerusalem. The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about 8,900 km2 (3,436 sq mi).
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of The Location Of The Kingdom of Judah: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Levant_830.svg/545px-Levant_830.svg.png
In Nostradamus’s day, modern day Israel did not exist, but the ancient “Land of Israel” (the Kingdom of Judah) had, and so this must be what he was referring to when he used the term Israel. Of course, it’s possible that he used his ability to gain a sense of what Israel would be like today, so he very well could have been referring to the exact location of our modern day Israel as well. Either way, he mentions Israel as a major factor.
Modern day Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia located on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. The West Bank and Gaza Strip are also adjacent. With a population of about 7.28 million, the majority of whom are Jews, Israel is the world’s only Jewish state. It is also home to other ethnic groups, including most numerously Arab citizens of Israel, as well as many religious groups including Muslims, Christians, Druze, Samaritans and others.
Click On This Blue Link For A Map Of The Location Of Modern Day Israel: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LocationIsrael.svg/800px-LocationIsrael.svg.png
The other places listed above are in Spain and Italy. Apparently, Nostradamus is warning here that the troubles of Israel will spread to both Spain and Italy, causing war to erupt in those nations.

Saturday, February 9, 2013

2040-2049

2040-2049 Contents
2040 - Clean energy is becoming ubiquitous | Fusion power is nearing commercial availability | Claytronics are revolutionising the consumer market | Breakthroughs in carbon nanotube production | World population reaches 8.5 bn | Water crisis in Europe
2042 - Nanotech robot swarms are the latest in military hi-tech | Manned missions to Phobos and Deimos | Floating hotels in the sky are heralding a new era in luxury transport
2044 - Personal storage devices reach the zettabyte scale | The last veterans of WW2 are passing away
2045 - Humans are becoming intimately merged with machines | Global food and water shortages
2045-2049 - China transitions towards a democracy | Major extinctions of animal and plant life
2048 - The near-Earth asteroid 2007 VK184 makes a close pass
2049 - Robots are a common feature of homes and workplaces

2000-2009 | 2010-2019 | 2020-2029 | 2030-2039 | 2040-2049 | 2050-2059 | 2060-2069 | 2070-2079 | 2080-2089 | 2090-2099 >



2040

Clean energy is becoming ubiquitous

The combination of nanotech fuel cells, maglev wind power, hyper-efficient solar and 4th generation nuclear is relegating the traditional fossil fuels to obsolescence. The latter are, in any case, dwindling in availability - and have been for some time. Fusion power is also close to being perfected now.
2040 energy future

Fusion power is nearing commercial availability

A prototype commercial fusion reactor is entering its final phase of operation.* DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Plant) is the successor to ITER and has built on the success of that project, achieving a number of major breakthroughs. Among the earlier problems which have now been solved are: containing the plasma at high enough temperatures, maintaining a great enough density of reacting ions, and capturing high-energy neutrons from the reaction without melting the walls of the interior.
Constructed from 2024 to 2033, DEMO is now close to being perfected - having undergone several years of testing, expansion and upgrades. Later this decade, it will be capable of producing a sustained output of 2 gigawatts (GW), making fusion commercially available for the first time.*
fusion power 2040 2050 demo ITER future energy
Credit: Chepe Nicoli

Claytronics are revolutionising the consumer market

Claytronics - also known as "programmable matter" - is enabling a host of new products to be developed. This revolutionary technology involves billions of tiny devices known as catoms (claytronic atoms). Joined electrostatically, these work in concert to produce dramatic changes on the macroscale.
Objects made of these catoms can be radically altered in form and function within a matter of seconds. Furniture can be morphed into new types, for instance. A bed could suddenly become a sofa, or a large table. Chairs can be instantly "moulded" to precisely suit the individual.
Walls, carpets, ceilings, doors and other surfaces can modify their colour or texture on demand.
Electronics are featuring this exotic material. They can be more adaptable to their environments, for instance - altering their structure to cope with dust and heat in a desert, then later shifting to resist humidity and moisture in a jungle, or even becoming completely waterproof. Screens can be physically enlarged for better viewing, or shrunk for greater portability. Devices worn on the head or ears can mould themselves to fit the individual. A keyboard or other interface can suddenly materialise on what was previously a blank surface.
Certain vehicles are making use of claytronics. Car interiors can be reconfigured for a particular journey, depending on the passengers or luggage. Tyres can be instantly adapted for different terrain or weather conditions.
Claytronics are especially popular in children's toys.
Various other everyday objects are now highly configurable and morphable.
Further into the future, programmable matter will enable the creation of entire simulated humans.*


Breakthroughs in carbon nanotube production

New processes have been developed for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes, which promise to revolutionise the fields of engineering, architecture and materials science.
Having been limited to a few centimetres, these structures can now reach potentially thousands of miles in length.* Combined with purification techniques ensuring maximum tensile strength (hundreds of times greater than steel), this means the technology for a space elevator is now available. Political and financial will are the only remaining obstacles for such a project.*
2040 carbon nanotubes nanotechnology future space elevator
Credit: TED-43


World population reaches 8.5 billion

The graph below is based on United Nations population estimates.*

future global population 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100

Water crisis in Europe

Due to global warming, the Alps are becoming largely devoid of snow for the first time in millions of years.*
Having served a vital role as the "water towers of Europe", this is having a catastrophic effect on water supplies. Major rivers such as the Rhine, Rhone and Danube have until now relied on snow and glacial melt from the Alps. Switzerland is being especially hard hit, with much of its electricity based on hydroelectric power.
In addition, record heatwaves are causing gigantic wildfires, the likes of which have never been seen before. At the foot of the mountains, rockfalls triggered by melting permafrost have caused widespread destruction to villages and towns.* Meanwhile, the tourist industry has been decimated, with skiing impossible in most areas.
alps climate change melting ice future 2030 2040 2050
Above: The Matterhorn (left) and the Dent d'Hérens (right), part of the Alps, pictured here in 2008.



2042
Nanotech robot swarms are the latest in military hi-tech
In addition to larger machines, a new class of miniature robots is now appearing on the battlefield.* These are so small that they are barely visible to the naked eye, measuring less than a millimetre across. Viewed through a microscope, they would appear like tiny insects equipped with metallic wings and armed with diamond-sharp claws and teeth.
Individually, they are relatively harmless. However, the strength of these robots lies in their terrifying numbers, and their ability to work in autonomous networks guided by remote computers. Released from capsules dropped by UAVs, these machines are deployed in colossal swarms – often consisting of many trillions of individuals. At full spread, they can sometimes cover an area the size of a small town.
Collectively, they would appear like a diffuse, greyish cloud. For a potential enemy, the first warning sign of their approach might be a glittering of reflected sunlight in the distance. This would be followed by a high-pitched buzzing or humming sound, at the edge of the human auditory range. The next indicator would be the crumbling of trees, buildings and other nearby objects. Then the robots would attack... engulfing their victims like a swarm of locusts, eating through flesh within seconds and reducing organic material to dust.
Even those hidden within bunkers or underground shelters are vulnerable – the swarms dissolve all but the most heavily reinforced armour and can easily penetrate cracks, air vents, keyholes and the like.
In addition to their offensive capabilities, nanotech robot swarms can serve in a defensive role. By floating at low altitude in the sky, they can provide cover to advancing ground forces, acting as a shield or “buffer” against incoming projectiles.
This form of technology is so deadly that it has been placed in the same category as nuclear, chemical and biological weapons by the UN. A number of international treaties are signed over the following years, limiting its use. Safety mechanisms are also introduced, minimising its potential for adaption. Self-replicating variants, for example, are flat-out banned, as these could potentially consume the entire biosphere in a worst-case scenario. Fears are growing of a potential terrorist incident (or "nanocaust").

Manned missions to Phobos and Deimos
A decade after the Mars landings, follow-up missions to its satellites are being undertaken. Due to the low gravity and lack of atmosphere, these missions are actually easier (and cheaper) than going to Mars itself.
These tiny moons are found to contain pockets of water ice, along with carbon and silicates - greatly increasing their potential for colonisation.*
On Phobos, a series of habitation modules are subsequently built, together with small experimental mining facilities and a solar parabolic reflector. This allows the basics of carbon nanotube (CNT) production, as well as conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen for rocket fuel. Over the next few decades, the base is expanded further, eventually becoming self-sufficient.
Both moons are colonised, but Phobos in particular will play a key role in the development of Mars, being much closer to its parent planet than Deimos. As well as supplying raw materials, it will act as a stepping stone for astronauts arriving from Earth.
phobos deimos manned mission future timeline space exploration 2040  2040s
Above: Phobos (click to enlarge)


Floating hotels in the sky are heralding a new era in luxury transport*
Giant, vertical airships powered by a combination of hydrogen and solar energy are now a common method of holiday travel for the rich and famous. These ships are nearly 900ft tall when docked. They are capable of lifting 400 tons of payload, in addition to ferrying over 100 passengers and 20 crew to their destination.
Cruising at a maximum altitude of 12,000ft, the ships drift at a leisurely 60-90mph, depending on wind conditions. Popular routes include London to New York (37 hours) and Los Angeles to Shanghai (four days).
Huge internal spaces offer plentiful room for living, dining and relaxing. The lower deck contains a glass bottom floor, enabling passengers to view the land and sea beneath.
Safety is ensured thanks to self-sealing lifting bags. These are made from nanotechnology materials that minimise any potential for skin rupture.*



2044
Personal storage devices reach the zettabyte scale
Personal storage devices are now available with capacities of more than a zettabyte (1 billion terabytes). This is greater than the entire contents of the Internet in 2010. The data can be stored in a form factor measuring a few millimetres in size and costing under $100.
This capacity might seem excessive to observers from previous decades. It has become necessary in today's world, however, due to the exponential growth of information technology.* The day-to-day experiences of the average person now involve a staggering amount of data collating, analysis and dissemination - especially for those using biotechnology implants, Augmented Reality or neural interfaces.

The last veterans of WW2 are passing away
During this decade, the last surviving veterans of World War II are passing away. A small number of them reach their 120th year, allowing them to attend the 100th anniversary commemorations of D-Day, on 6th June 2044.
On this date, a time capsule is opened at the American Cemetery at Colleville-sur-Mer, close to the site of the Normandy landings which claimed so many lives. This contains press articles from the time - including a message from President Eisenhower to future generations.*

© Lenor | Dreamstime.com



2045
Humans are becoming intimately merged with machines
In some fields, the pace of technology has become so fast that humans can no longer comprehend it - unless they augment their own intelligence. This is particularly true of computing, nanotechnology, medicine and neuroscience, all of which have seen exponential progress.*
The typical desktop PC of today has an integrated AI system equivalent to over a billion human brains. This machine can think for itself, improve itself and generate information in ways that surpass even the greatest minds on Earth. Due to the flood of incoming data from the Internet and elsewhere, such computers receive literally millions of emails, status updates, news reports and other alerts each day.*
The only way for a user to interpret this avalanche of information is to merge their consciousness with the machine. A growing segment of society is now turning to on-person hardware to achieve this. The most popular method involves the use of microscopic, wireless, implantable devices linking neural activity directly to electronic circuitry. Such "nanobots" have already been used in full immersion VR and certain medical procedures. These latest versions are capable of marrying AI with human intelligence in ways that combine the best aspects of both.
No monitor or projector of any kind is required for today's computers. The nanobots instead generate a virtual image of the screen which is augmented in the user's field of vision. This operating system is controlled by their thoughts - and those of the AI - running at speeds vastly greater than a real time physical version would allow. Thousands of individual actions can be initiated within the space of a second, all thanks to the robust wireless connections between the nanobots and neurons.
If necessary, the user's entire sensory experience can be instantly shifted to a full immersion virtual reality. This is a popular choice for gaming and entertainment, but also has many practical applications in the world of business. Meetings and conferences can be hastily scheduled between vast numbers of participants from around the globe - sometimes with barely a few second's notice - and lasting only a few seconds in duration. Communicating at this speed is no longer possible using conventional means, which is creating an enormous divide between those who have the technology and those who don't.
For many people, nanobot implants are becoming permanent and essential - rather than temporary and optional - due to the bewildering speed and level of information now being encountered in day-to-day situations together with the explosive growth of AI. Military personnel, scientists and medical staff were among the first to take advantage of them, but mainstream society is now following.
People are merging with machines in various other ways, too. Nanobots can boost immune systems, for example - helping to exterminate pathogens. They can also regulate blood pressure, or repair some of the damage caused by the ageing process, or accelerate the healing of wounds. Cybernetic organs are now available that almost never fail and can filter deadly poisons. Brain-computer interfaces are increasingly used in middle class homes to open doors, control lighting and operate everyday appliances.
The most extreme cases of enhancement involve people opting for "decentralised" circulatory systems - along with a form of synthetic blood - reducing physical vulnerability still further. This particular option is only available to the rich, as it involves a highly complicated procedure that radically alters their internal anatomy. The end result is that a person can survive multiple gunshot wounds or other damage relatively easily. Certain politicians are taking advantage of this - especially those in unstable regions - along with gangland bosses and career criminals.
The line between man and machine is starting to blur. Later this century, there will no longer be a clear distinction.
nanobots 2045 singularity humans machine merger
© Billyfoto | Dreamstime.com


Global food and water shortages
The demand for food and fresh water is far outstripping the supply. Climate change is devastating entire regions, turning vast areas of farmland and forest into arid desert, creating literally tens of millions of refugees. There is a great deal of conflict across the Middle East, Africa, Asia, the southern states of America, South America, and parts of southern Europe during this time.
desert climate change global food water shortages 2045 2050
Credit: Shizhao

2045-2049
China transitions towards a democracy
Faced with growing social unrest, China transitions towards a Russian-style democracy. The ongoing internet/IT revolution and the resulting decentralisation of communication has brought down many of its former barriers.
china chinese flag democracy democratic revolution future timeline  2040 2045 2050

Major extinctions of animal and plant life
By the end of this decade, many well-known animal species are going extinct, or else have declined in such huge numbers that only those in captivity now exist.
Off the eastern coast of Australia one of the world's most beautiful natural wonders - the Great Barrier Reef - has been virtually destroyed by climate change, with less than 2% of coral remaining.* Rising levels of greenhouse gases have made the water too acidic for calcium-based organisms to grow.* Most of the colourful fish for which the reef is famous have also disappeared. On land, more than 50% of the continent's 400 butterfly species have died out, as well as numerous reptiles including Boyd's forest dragon, a rare and colourful lizard.
In Europe, an astonishing 50% of amphibians have disappeared due to pollution, disease and loss of habitat caused by climate change. This includes many previously common species of frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.* On the same continent, more than 20% of bird species have been lost, and around 15% of plants.
In South Africa's Kruger national park, a major conservation area, nearly 60% of the species under its protection have been lost. In the same region, 35% of proteaceae flowering plants have disappeared - including the national flower, the King Protea.*
In South America, nearly half of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed, with more than 2,000 native tree species becoming extinct.
In Mexico, nearly 30% of animal species are either extinct, or critically endangered.
In Southeast Asia, the Indian elephant is on the brink of extinction. Once a common sight in this part of the world, it has declined in huge numbers due to poaching for the ivory of its tusks, loss of habitat, and human conflict.
In the Arctic, nearly 70% of polar bears have disappeared due to the shrinking of summer ice caused by global warming. By 2080 they will disappear from Greenland entirely, and from the northern Canadian coast, leaving only dwindling numbers in the interior Arctic archipelago.
Many other well-known species of fish, bird and mammal become critically endangered around this time.
This period is often referred to as the Holocene extinction event. As a direct result of human influences, the rate of species extinctions this century is between 100 and 1000 times the natural "background" or average extinction rates in the evolutionary time scale of Earth.
future mass extinctions 2040 2050 21st century threat
Credit: Elisei Shafer


2048
The near-Earth asteroid 2007 VK184 makes a close pass
This object - measuring 130m in diameter - has a 1 in 3,000 chance of hitting the Earth on this date. It was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey in 2007. Ignoring the acceleration of the asteroid due to the Earth's gravity, its velocity relative to the Earth at the intersection of their orbits would be 15.63 km/s.
If such an impact were to occur, it would likely break into several pieces in the atmosphere. However, these individual chunks of rock may still be large enough to cause widespread devastation, if landing in populated areas. For comparison, the Tunguska event of 1908 was thought to have been caused by an object measuring 30-50m. This was large enough to produce an airburst equivalent to thousands of Hiroshima bombs.
2007 vk184 orbit 2048 earth impact
Source: JPL Small-Body Database Browser



2049
Robots are a common feature of homes and workplaces
Though human-level sentience has yet to be fully realised, robots are now appearing in mainstream society in a wide variety of forms and functions.*
Mobile, humanoid androids are popular amongst the elderly, widowed, and those who are disabled or incapacitated in some way - in which role they serve as excellent companions, guides and carers. They are also popular amongst the lonely and socially anxious, who can develop relationships without the fear or hang-ups normally found with human company.* Those seeking "alternative" lifestyles are also making use of androids.*
android female cyborg sex droid 2040 2050 future
© Ralf Kraft | Dreamstime.com
Sports enthusiasts are making use of robots - as running partners, for example, on squash and tennis courts, and in certain fighting/fencing games where they can simulate world-class players. Countries such as Japan and Korea have even started broadcasting their own "Robot Olympics", attracting millions of viewers.*
The cheapest android models are available for less than $1,000 now, and are stocked by many high street retailers - including hardware stores, department stores and electronics shops.
The robots are customised in the factory beforehand - decorated with skin, clothes, hair and other desired features (pictured above is a bare generic model before this process has occurred). All of the personal information required to cater for their "owner" is pre-programmed into the android's brain.
Government legislation regarding these machines is complicated - and requires years to be fully implemented - but in every country, without exception, the machines adhere to three basic laws. These were postulated almost a century earlier by the science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
2. A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law

In urban locations, robots are usually powered by wireless energy transfer. In more remote outdoor environments they can utilise internal super-batteries and photovoltaic polymers coated on their bodies. Piezoelectric meshes in their skins - which generate small amounts of electricity through movement - provide a tertiary source of power.
Practically every warehouse and factory in the developed world now has operations run entirely by robots - which can navigate their way through aisles and shelves, identify products and load them onto delivery vans with little or no human intervention (and at speeds and efficiencies which far outpace the latter). Even most delivery trucks are now automated, thanks to advanced AI and road traffic systems, with robots unloading goods when the vehicle has reached its destination.
One particular fad at the moment is for robot cats, dogs and other domestic pets with highly realistic movements and behaviour, often indistinguishable from the real thing. These have a number of advantages - such as never getting sick or dying, never requiring food or water, never scratching or biting their owners, and never leaving a mess around the home. Certain species of tropical fish are also popular in robot form, especially those which have recently become extinct. In museums and outdoor exhibitions, breathtaking recreations of dinosaurs and other prehistoric life are now on display.
goldfish cat robotic pets 2050 future
© Fesus Robert | Dreamstime.com

Almost every large office and corporation features robots now - from wheeled models which distribute post, to those in reception-based roles which meet and greet visitors and assist with queries, to more advanced models capable of handling security and maintaining facilities.
In hospitals, delicate procedures involving nanotechnology devices are given over exclusively to robot machinery, capable of far greater precision than human hands.
Agriculture and food production is heavily reliant on robots. With much of the world's arable land turning to desert, hydroponic "vertical farms" are a common feature of urban centres. These carefully controlled environments are tended by robots and automated systems, and often require the analytical skills of machines rather than humans.
The physical side of military operations is handled extensively by robots now - on land, in the air, and at sea. Formidable humanoid machines equipped with a plethora of devastating firepower can be sent deep into enemy territory, left to operate autonomously for months at a time if necessary, and serving in a wide variety of roles; from solitary patrol and scouting missions, to offensive strikes involving thousands of machines working in unison. Human enemies stand little to no chance against this kind of onslaught, which is giving developed nations an overwhelming advantage over terrorist renegades.
In space, robots have probed and explored hundreds of moons in the outer solar system, and are playing a key role in the Mars colony.


References
1 NEXT WORLD - Intel Claytronics (Programmable Matter), YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJEMfAg5l2w

Accessed 23rd February 2010.

2 Physics of the Impossible, by Michio Kaku:
http://www.amazon.com/Physics-Impossible-Scientific-Exploration-Teleportation/dp/0307278824/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1250029787&sr=1-1

Accessed 26th November 2009.

3 Space elevator, Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator
Accessed 26th November 2009.

4 The World at Six Billion, The United Nations:
http://www0.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf.
Accessed 22nd Dec 2008.

5 "If the melting goes on at this pace, glaciers will be gone by 2030 to 2050 — except some high-altitude sites in the French, Swiss and Italian Alps."
See
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070123-alps-glaciers.html
Accessed 3rd August 2009.

6 Six Degrees, by Mark Lynas. Amazon.co.uk:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Six-Degrees-Future-Hotter-Planet/dp/0007209053/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221170576&sr=1-1.
Accessed 3rd August 2009.

7 Swarm Robotics: Beware The Swarm (videos), SingularityHub.com:
http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/05/swarm-robotics-beware-the-swarm
Accessed 8th June 2009.

8 Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets, by John S Lewis (1997).
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mining-Sky-Untold-Asteroids-Planets/dp/0201328194
Accessed 20th June 2009.

9 The date given on the project website is 2015, which seems ridiculously optimistic. 30 years from now would be more realistic.
10 Seymourpowell introduces the Aircruise - a clipper in the clouds, seymourpowell:
http://www.seymourpowell.com/aircruise/aircruise-press-release.html
Accessed 25th March 2010.

11 See Data storage.
12 Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial
Accessed 18th December 2009.

13 Singularity is Near - SIN graph - Exponential Growth of Computing, Singularity.com
http://singularity.com/charts/page70.html
Accessed 27th December 2009.

14 The Singularity is Near, by Ray Kurzweil (2005)
http://www.amazon.com/Singularity-Near-Humans-Transcend-Biology/dp/0143037889/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1261913594&sr=1-1
Accessed 27th December 2009.

15 Acidic seas may kill 98% of world's reefs by 2050, Guardian.co.uk:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/dec/14/carbonemissions.climatechange
Accessed 13th April 2009.

16 Acidic oceans threaten sea life, BBC:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/8022194.stm
Accessed 28th April 2009.

17 Half of Europe's amphibians could be extinct by 2050, Telegraph.co.uk:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3352396/Half-of-Europes-amphibians-could-be-extinct-by-2050.html
Accessed 13th April 2009.

18 Climate threat: What species are at risk? BBC.co.uk:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3377185.stm
Accessed 13th April 2009.

19 Robots, Boston.com:
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/robots.html
Accessed 10th May 2009.

20 Forecast: Sex and Marriage With Robots by 2050, Fox News:
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301717,00.html
Accessed 4th October 2009.

21 Humans to have robot lovers by 2050, TimesOnline.co.uk
http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article3645114.ece
Accessed 9th May 2009.

22 Robotics, YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAxi38FE8xo
Accessed 30th December 2009.
2040-2049 Contents
2040 - Clean energy is becoming ubiquitous | Fusion power is nearing commercial availability | Claytronics are revolutionising the consumer market | Breakthroughs in carbon nanotube production | World population reaches 8.5 bn | Water crisis in Europe
2042 - Nanotech robot swarms are the latest in military hi-tech | Manned missions to Phobos and Deimos | Floating hotels in the sky are heralding a new era in luxury transport
2044 - Personal storage devices reach the zettabyte scale | The last veterans of WW2 are passing away
2045 - Humans are becoming intimately merged with machines | Global food and water shortages
2045-2049 - China transitions towards a democracy | Major extinctions of animal and plant life
2048 - The near-Earth asteroid 2007 VK184 makes a close pass
2049 - Robots are a common feature of homes and workplaces

2000-2009 | 2010-2019 | 2020-2029 | 2030-2039 | 2040-2049 | 2050-2059 | 2060-2069 | 2070-2079 | 2080-2089 | 2090-2099 >



2040

Clean energy is becoming ubiquitous

The combination of nanotech fuel cells, maglev wind power, hyper-efficient solar and 4th generation nuclear is relegating the traditional fossil fuels to obsolescence. The latter are, in any case, dwindling in availability - and have been for some time. Fusion power is also close to being perfected now.
2040 energy future

Fusion power is nearing commercial availability

A prototype commercial fusion reactor is entering its final phase of operation.* DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Plant) is the successor to ITER and has built on the success of that project, achieving a number of major breakthroughs. Among the earlier problems which have now been solved are: containing the plasma at high enough temperatures, maintaining a great enough density of reacting ions, and capturing high-energy neutrons from the reaction without melting the walls of the interior.
Constructed from 2024 to 2033, DEMO is now close to being perfected - having undergone several years of testing, expansion and upgrades. Later this decade, it will be capable of producing a sustained output of 2 gigawatts (GW), making fusion commercially available for the first time.*
fusion power 2040 2050 demo ITER future energy
Credit: Chepe Nicoli

Claytronics are revolutionising the consumer market

Claytronics - also known as "programmable matter" - is enabling a host of new products to be developed. This revolutionary technology involves billions of tiny devices known as catoms (claytronic atoms). Joined electrostatically, these work in concert to produce dramatic changes on the macroscale.
Objects made of these catoms can be radically altered in form and function within a matter of seconds. Furniture can be morphed into new types, for instance. A bed could suddenly become a sofa, or a large table. Chairs can be instantly "moulded" to precisely suit the individual.
Walls, carpets, ceilings, doors and other surfaces can modify their colour or texture on demand.
Electronics are featuring this exotic material. They can be more adaptable to their environments, for instance - altering their structure to cope with dust and heat in a desert, then later shifting to resist humidity and moisture in a jungle, or even becoming completely waterproof. Screens can be physically enlarged for better viewing, or shrunk for greater portability. Devices worn on the head or ears can mould themselves to fit the individual. A keyboard or other interface can suddenly materialise on what was previously a blank surface.
Certain vehicles are making use of claytronics. Car interiors can be reconfigured for a particular journey, depending on the passengers or luggage. Tyres can be instantly adapted for different terrain or weather conditions.
Claytronics are especially popular in children's toys.
Various other everyday objects are now highly configurable and morphable.
Further into the future, programmable matter will enable the creation of entire simulated humans.*


Breakthroughs in carbon nanotube production

New processes have been developed for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes, which promise to revolutionise the fields of engineering, architecture and materials science.
Having been limited to a few centimetres, these structures can now reach potentially thousands of miles in length.* Combined with purification techniques ensuring maximum tensile strength (hundreds of times greater than steel), this means the technology for a space elevator is now available. Political and financial will are the only remaining obstacles for such a project.*
2040 carbon nanotubes nanotechnology future space elevator
Credit: TED-43


World population reaches 8.5 billion

The graph below is based on United Nations population estimates.*

future global population 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100

Water crisis in Europe

Due to global warming, the Alps are becoming largely devoid of snow for the first time in millions of years.*
Having served a vital role as the "water towers of Europe", this is having a catastrophic effect on water supplies. Major rivers such as the Rhine, Rhone and Danube have until now relied on snow and glacial melt from the Alps. Switzerland is being especially hard hit, with much of its electricity based on hydroelectric power.
In addition, record heatwaves are causing gigantic wildfires, the likes of which have never been seen before. At the foot of the mountains, rockfalls triggered by melting permafrost have caused widespread destruction to villages and towns.* Meanwhile, the tourist industry has been decimated, with skiing impossible in most areas.
alps climate change melting ice future 2030 2040 2050
Above: The Matterhorn (left) and the Dent d'Hérens (right), part of the Alps, pictured here in 2008.



2042
Nanotech robot swarms are the latest in military hi-tech
In addition to larger machines, a new class of miniature robots is now appearing on the battlefield.* These are so small that they are barely visible to the naked eye, measuring less than a millimetre across. Viewed through a microscope, they would appear like tiny insects equipped with metallic wings and armed with diamond-sharp claws and teeth.
Individually, they are relatively harmless. However, the strength of these robots lies in their terrifying numbers, and their ability to work in autonomous networks guided by remote computers. Released from capsules dropped by UAVs, these machines are deployed in colossal swarms – often consisting of many trillions of individuals. At full spread, they can sometimes cover an area the size of a small town.
Collectively, they would appear like a diffuse, greyish cloud. For a potential enemy, the first warning sign of their approach might be a glittering of reflected sunlight in the distance. This would be followed by a high-pitched buzzing or humming sound, at the edge of the human auditory range. The next indicator would be the crumbling of trees, buildings and other nearby objects. Then the robots would attack... engulfing their victims like a swarm of locusts, eating through flesh within seconds and reducing organic material to dust.
Even those hidden within bunkers or underground shelters are vulnerable – the swarms dissolve all but the most heavily reinforced armour and can easily penetrate cracks, air vents, keyholes and the like.
In addition to their offensive capabilities, nanotech robot swarms can serve in a defensive role. By floating at low altitude in the sky, they can provide cover to advancing ground forces, acting as a shield or “buffer” against incoming projectiles.
This form of technology is so deadly that it has been placed in the same category as nuclear, chemical and biological weapons by the UN. A number of international treaties are signed over the following years, limiting its use. Safety mechanisms are also introduced, minimising its potential for adaption. Self-replicating variants, for example, are flat-out banned, as these could potentially consume the entire biosphere in a worst-case scenario. Fears are growing of a potential terrorist incident (or "nanocaust").

Manned missions to Phobos and Deimos
A decade after the Mars landings, follow-up missions to its satellites are being undertaken. Due to the low gravity and lack of atmosphere, these missions are actually easier (and cheaper) than going to Mars itself.
These tiny moons are found to contain pockets of water ice, along with carbon and silicates - greatly increasing their potential for colonisation.*
On Phobos, a series of habitation modules are subsequently built, together with small experimental mining facilities and a solar parabolic reflector. This allows the basics of carbon nanotube (CNT) production, as well as conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen for rocket fuel. Over the next few decades, the base is expanded further, eventually becoming self-sufficient.
Both moons are colonised, but Phobos in particular will play a key role in the development of Mars, being much closer to its parent planet than Deimos. As well as supplying raw materials, it will act as a stepping stone for astronauts arriving from Earth.
phobos deimos manned mission future timeline space exploration 2040  2040s
Above: Phobos (click to enlarge)


Floating hotels in the sky are heralding a new era in luxury transport*
Giant, vertical airships powered by a combination of hydrogen and solar energy are now a common method of holiday travel for the rich and famous. These ships are nearly 900ft tall when docked. They are capable of lifting 400 tons of payload, in addition to ferrying over 100 passengers and 20 crew to their destination.
Cruising at a maximum altitude of 12,000ft, the ships drift at a leisurely 60-90mph, depending on wind conditions. Popular routes include London to New York (37 hours) and Los Angeles to Shanghai (four days).
Huge internal spaces offer plentiful room for living, dining and relaxing. The lower deck contains a glass bottom floor, enabling passengers to view the land and sea beneath.
Safety is ensured thanks to self-sealing lifting bags. These are made from nanotechnology materials that minimise any potential for skin rupture.*



2044
Personal storage devices reach the zettabyte scale
Personal storage devices are now available with capacities of more than a zettabyte (1 billion terabytes). This is greater than the entire contents of the Internet in 2010. The data can be stored in a form factor measuring a few millimetres in size and costing under $100.
This capacity might seem excessive to observers from previous decades. It has become necessary in today's world, however, due to the exponential growth of information technology.* The day-to-day experiences of the average person now involve a staggering amount of data collating, analysis and dissemination - especially for those using biotechnology implants, Augmented Reality or neural interfaces.

The last veterans of WW2 are passing away
During this decade, the last surviving veterans of World War II are passing away. A small number of them reach their 120th year, allowing them to attend the 100th anniversary commemorations of D-Day, on 6th June 2044.
On this date, a time capsule is opened at the American Cemetery at Colleville-sur-Mer, close to the site of the Normandy landings which claimed so many lives. This contains press articles from the time - including a message from President Eisenhower to future generations.*

© Lenor | Dreamstime.com



2045
Humans are becoming intimately merged with machines
In some fields, the pace of technology has become so fast that humans can no longer comprehend it - unless they augment their own intelligence. This is particularly true of computing, nanotechnology, medicine and neuroscience, all of which have seen exponential progress.*
The typical desktop PC of today has an integrated AI system equivalent to over a billion human brains. This machine can think for itself, improve itself and generate information in ways that surpass even the greatest minds on Earth. Due to the flood of incoming data from the Internet and elsewhere, such computers receive literally millions of emails, status updates, news reports and other alerts each day.*
The only way for a user to interpret this avalanche of information is to merge their consciousness with the machine. A growing segment of society is now turning to on-person hardware to achieve this. The most popular method involves the use of microscopic, wireless, implantable devices linking neural activity directly to electronic circuitry. Such "nanobots" have already been used in full immersion VR and certain medical procedures. These latest versions are capable of marrying AI with human intelligence in ways that combine the best aspects of both.
No monitor or projector of any kind is required for today's computers. The nanobots instead generate a virtual image of the screen which is augmented in the user's field of vision. This operating system is controlled by their thoughts - and those of the AI - running at speeds vastly greater than a real time physical version would allow. Thousands of individual actions can be initiated within the space of a second, all thanks to the robust wireless connections between the nanobots and neurons.
If necessary, the user's entire sensory experience can be instantly shifted to a full immersion virtual reality. This is a popular choice for gaming and entertainment, but also has many practical applications in the world of business. Meetings and conferences can be hastily scheduled between vast numbers of participants from around the globe - sometimes with barely a few second's notice - and lasting only a few seconds in duration. Communicating at this speed is no longer possible using conventional means, which is creating an enormous divide between those who have the technology and those who don't.
For many people, nanobot implants are becoming permanent and essential - rather than temporary and optional - due to the bewildering speed and level of information now being encountered in day-to-day situations together with the explosive growth of AI. Military personnel, scientists and medical staff were among the first to take advantage of them, but mainstream society is now following.
People are merging with machines in various other ways, too. Nanobots can boost immune systems, for example - helping to exterminate pathogens. They can also regulate blood pressure, or repair some of the damage caused by the ageing process, or accelerate the healing of wounds. Cybernetic organs are now available that almost never fail and can filter deadly poisons. Brain-computer interfaces are increasingly used in middle class homes to open doors, control lighting and operate everyday appliances.
The most extreme cases of enhancement involve people opting for "decentralised" circulatory systems - along with a form of synthetic blood - reducing physical vulnerability still further. This particular option is only available to the rich, as it involves a highly complicated procedure that radically alters their internal anatomy. The end result is that a person can survive multiple gunshot wounds or other damage relatively easily. Certain politicians are taking advantage of this - especially those in unstable regions - along with gangland bosses and career criminals.
The line between man and machine is starting to blur. Later this century, there will no longer be a clear distinction.
nanobots 2045 singularity humans machine merger
© Billyfoto | Dreamstime.com


Global food and water shortages
The demand for food and fresh water is far outstripping the supply. Climate change is devastating entire regions, turning vast areas of farmland and forest into arid desert, creating literally tens of millions of refugees. There is a great deal of conflict across the Middle East, Africa, Asia, the southern states of America, South America, and parts of southern Europe during this time.
desert climate change global food water shortages 2045 2050
Credit: Shizhao

2045-2049
China transitions towards a democracy
Faced with growing social unrest, China transitions towards a Russian-style democracy. The ongoing internet/IT revolution and the resulting decentralisation of communication has brought down many of its former barriers.
china chinese flag democracy democratic revolution future timeline  2040 2045 2050

Major extinctions of animal and plant life
By the end of this decade, many well-known animal species are going extinct, or else have declined in such huge numbers that only those in captivity now exist.
Off the eastern coast of Australia one of the world's most beautiful natural wonders - the Great Barrier Reef - has been virtually destroyed by climate change, with less than 2% of coral remaining.* Rising levels of greenhouse gases have made the water too acidic for calcium-based organisms to grow.* Most of the colourful fish for which the reef is famous have also disappeared. On land, more than 50% of the continent's 400 butterfly species have died out, as well as numerous reptiles including Boyd's forest dragon, a rare and colourful lizard.
In Europe, an astonishing 50% of amphibians have disappeared due to pollution, disease and loss of habitat caused by climate change. This includes many previously common species of frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.* On the same continent, more than 20% of bird species have been lost, and around 15% of plants.
In South Africa's Kruger national park, a major conservation area, nearly 60% of the species under its protection have been lost. In the same region, 35% of proteaceae flowering plants have disappeared - including the national flower, the King Protea.*
In South America, nearly half of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed, with more than 2,000 native tree species becoming extinct.
In Mexico, nearly 30% of animal species are either extinct, or critically endangered.
In Southeast Asia, the Indian elephant is on the brink of extinction. Once a common sight in this part of the world, it has declined in huge numbers due to poaching for the ivory of its tusks, loss of habitat, and human conflict.
In the Arctic, nearly 70% of polar bears have disappeared due to the shrinking of summer ice caused by global warming. By 2080 they will disappear from Greenland entirely, and from the northern Canadian coast, leaving only dwindling numbers in the interior Arctic archipelago.
Many other well-known species of fish, bird and mammal become critically endangered around this time.
This period is often referred to as the Holocene extinction event. As a direct result of human influences, the rate of species extinctions this century is between 100 and 1000 times the natural "background" or average extinction rates in the evolutionary time scale of Earth.
future mass extinctions 2040 2050 21st century threat
Credit: Elisei Shafer


2048
The near-Earth asteroid 2007 VK184 makes a close pass
This object - measuring 130m in diameter - has a 1 in 3,000 chance of hitting the Earth on this date. It was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey in 2007. Ignoring the acceleration of the asteroid due to the Earth's gravity, its velocity relative to the Earth at the intersection of their orbits would be 15.63 km/s.
If such an impact were to occur, it would likely break into several pieces in the atmosphere. However, these individual chunks of rock may still be large enough to cause widespread devastation, if landing in populated areas. For comparison, the Tunguska event of 1908 was thought to have been caused by an object measuring 30-50m. This was large enough to produce an airburst equivalent to thousands of Hiroshima bombs.
2007 vk184 orbit 2048 earth impact
Source: JPL Small-Body Database Browser



2049
Robots are a common feature of homes and workplaces
Though human-level sentience has yet to be fully realised, robots are now appearing in mainstream society in a wide variety of forms and functions.*
Mobile, humanoid androids are popular amongst the elderly, widowed, and those who are disabled or incapacitated in some way - in which role they serve as excellent companions, guides and carers. They are also popular amongst the lonely and socially anxious, who can develop relationships without the fear or hang-ups normally found with human company.* Those seeking "alternative" lifestyles are also making use of androids.*
android female cyborg sex droid 2040 2050 future
© Ralf Kraft | Dreamstime.com
Sports enthusiasts are making use of robots - as running partners, for example, on squash and tennis courts, and in certain fighting/fencing games where they can simulate world-class players. Countries such as Japan and Korea have even started broadcasting their own "Robot Olympics", attracting millions of viewers.*
The cheapest android models are available for less than $1,000 now, and are stocked by many high street retailers - including hardware stores, department stores and electronics shops.
The robots are customised in the factory beforehand - decorated with skin, clothes, hair and other desired features (pictured above is a bare generic model before this process has occurred). All of the personal information required to cater for their "owner" is pre-programmed into the android's brain.
Government legislation regarding these machines is complicated - and requires years to be fully implemented - but in every country, without exception, the machines adhere to three basic laws. These were postulated almost a century earlier by the science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
2. A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law

In urban locations, robots are usually powered by wireless energy transfer. In more remote outdoor environments they can utilise internal super-batteries and photovoltaic polymers coated on their bodies. Piezoelectric meshes in their skins - which generate small amounts of electricity through movement - provide a tertiary source of power.
Practically every warehouse and factory in the developed world now has operations run entirely by robots - which can navigate their way through aisles and shelves, identify products and load them onto delivery vans with little or no human intervention (and at speeds and efficiencies which far outpace the latter). Even most delivery trucks are now automated, thanks to advanced AI and road traffic systems, with robots unloading goods when the vehicle has reached its destination.
One particular fad at the moment is for robot cats, dogs and other domestic pets with highly realistic movements and behaviour, often indistinguishable from the real thing. These have a number of advantages - such as never getting sick or dying, never requiring food or water, never scratching or biting their owners, and never leaving a mess around the home. Certain species of tropical fish are also popular in robot form, especially those which have recently become extinct. In museums and outdoor exhibitions, breathtaking recreations of dinosaurs and other prehistoric life are now on display.
goldfish cat robotic pets 2050 future
© Fesus Robert | Dreamstime.com

Almost every large office and corporation features robots now - from wheeled models which distribute post, to those in reception-based roles which meet and greet visitors and assist with queries, to more advanced models capable of handling security and maintaining facilities.
In hospitals, delicate procedures involving nanotechnology devices are given over exclusively to robot machinery, capable of far greater precision than human hands.
Agriculture and food production is heavily reliant on robots. With much of the world's arable land turning to desert, hydroponic "vertical farms" are a common feature of urban centres. These carefully controlled environments are tended by robots and automated systems, and often require the analytical skills of machines rather than humans.
The physical side of military operations is handled extensively by robots now - on land, in the air, and at sea. Formidable humanoid machines equipped with a plethora of devastating firepower can be sent deep into enemy territory, left to operate autonomously for months at a time if necessary, and serving in a wide variety of roles; from solitary patrol and scouting missions, to offensive strikes involving thousands of machines working in unison. Human enemies stand little to no chance against this kind of onslaught, which is giving developed nations an overwhelming advantage over terrorist renegades.
In space, robots have probed and explored hundreds of moons in the outer solar system, and are playing a key role in the Mars colony.


References
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJEMfAg5l2w

Accessed 23rd February 2010.

2 Physics of the Impossible, by Michio Kaku:
http://www.amazon.com/Physics-Impossible-Scientific-Exploration-Teleportation/dp/0307278824/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1250029787&sr=1-1

Accessed 26th November 2009.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator
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5 "If the melting goes on at this pace, glaciers will be gone by 2030 to 2050 — except some high-altitude sites in the French, Swiss and Italian Alps."
See
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http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/05/swarm-robotics-beware-the-swarm
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8 Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets, by John S Lewis (1997).
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9 The date given on the project website is 2015, which seems ridiculously optimistic. 30 years from now would be more realistic.
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http://www.seymourpowell.com/aircruise/aircruise-press-release.html
Accessed 25th March 2010.

11 See Data storage.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial
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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3352396/Half-of-Europes-amphibians-could-be-extinct-by-2050.html
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18 Climate threat: What species are at risk? BBC.co.uk:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3377185.stm
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http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/robots.html
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http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301717,00.html
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